20 Inventions We Wouldn't Have Without Space Travel


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Five-dimensional Space

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A five-dimensional space is a space with five dimensions. If interpreted physically, that is one more than the usual three spatial dimensions and the fourth dimension of time used in relativistic physics. It is an abstraction which occurs frequently in mathematics, where it is a legitimate construct. Much of the early work on five dimensional space was in an attempt to develop a theory that unifies the four fundamental interactions in nature: strong and weak nuclear forces, gravity and electromagnetism. German mathematician Theodor Kaluza and Swedish physicist Oskar Klein independently developed the Kaluza–Klein theory in 1921, which used the fifth dimension to unify gravity with electromagnetic force. Although their approaches were later found to be at least partially inaccurate, the concept provided a basis for further research over the past century. To explain why this dimension would not be directly observable, Klein suggested that the fifth dimension would be rolled up into a tiny...
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BRYOPHYTES

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  Plant scientists recognize two kinds of land plants, namely, bryophytes, or nonvascular land plants and tracheophytes,or vascular land plants. Bryophytes are small, herbaceous plants that grow closely packed together in mats or cushions on rocks, soil, or as epiphytes on the trunks and leaves of forest trees. Bryophytes are distinguished from tracheophytes by two important characters. First, in all bryophytes the ecologically persistent, photosynthetic phase of the life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation rather than the diploid sporophyte; bryophyte sporophytes are very short-lived, are attached to and nutritionally dependent on their gametophytes and consist of only an unbranched stalk, or seta, and a single, terminal sporangium. Second, bryophytes never form xylem tissue, the special lignin- containing, water-conducting tissue that is found in the sporophytes of all vascular plants. At one time, bryophytes were placed in a single phylum, intermediate in position betwe...
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How high can hot air balloon fly

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Hot air balloons rise because the heated air is less dense and therefore lighter than the surrounding air. But hot air balloons need oxygen for their burners to work – and the higher they rise, the thinner the air and the less oxygen available. The all-time record for hot air balloons is about 20,000 meters – or roughly 65,000 feet – set in 1988 by Per Lindstrand of the United Kingdom. The record for helium balloons is even more impressive. Helium balloons rise because helium is lighter than the surrounding air. As a helium balloon gains altitude, the helium inside expands and becomes less dense, thus enabling the balloon to continue rising. The current altitude record for a helium balloon was set by Malcolm Ross, who flew to over 35,000 meters – or over 113,000 feet – on a balloon launched from an aircraft carrier.
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